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The Trial of the Sixteen ((ポーランド語:Proces szesnastu)) was a staged trial of 16 leaders of the Polish Underground State held by the Soviet Union in Moscow in 1945. ==History== The Government Delegate, together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the Commander-in-chief of the Armia Krajowa, were invited by Soviet general Ivan Serov〔〔 with agreement of Joseph Stalin to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. (Some accounts say approaches were made in February with others saying March 1945.〔Prazmowska, A. (2004) ''Civil war in Poland, 1942-1948'' Palgrave ISBN 0-333-98212-6 Page 115〕〔Malcher, G.C. (1993) ''Blank Pages'' Pyrford Press ISBN 1-897984-00-6 Page 73〕〔Mikolajczyk, S. (1948) ''The pattern of Soviet domination'' Sampson Low, Marston & Co Page 125〕〔Garlinski, J.(1985) ''Poland in the Second World War'' Macmillan ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 324〕) They were presented with a warrant of safety, but were instead arrested in Pruszków by the NKVD on 27 and 28 March.〔〔Prazmowska, A. (2004) ''Civil war in Poland, 1942-1948'' Palgrave ISBN 0-333-98212-6 Page 116〕〔〔Michta, A. (1990) ''Red Eagle'' Stanford University ISBN 0-8179-8862-9 Page 39〕 Leopold Okulicki, Jan Stanisław Jankowski and Kazimierz Pużak were arrested on the 27th with 12 others the following day. Alexander Zwierzynski had been arrested earlier. They were brought to Moscow for interrogation in the Lubyanka.〔〔Garlinski, J.(1985) ''Poland in the Second World War'' Macmillan ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 325-326〕〔Umiastowski, R. (1946) ''Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941-1945'' Hollis & Carter Pages 462-464〕〔Piesakowski, T. (1990) ''The fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989'' Gryf Pages 198-199〕 After several months of brutal interrogation and torture〔Garlinski, J.(1985) ''Poland in the Second World War'' Macmillan ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 335〕 they were presented with the forged accusations of: * collaboration with Nazi Germany〔Garlinski, J.(1985) ''Poland in the Second World War'' Macmillan ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 336〕〔Umiastowski, R. (1946) ''Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941-1945'' Hollis & Carter Pages 467-468〕 * carrying-out intelligence gathering and sabotage at the rear of the Red Army〔 * terrorism〔 * planning a military alliance with Nazi Germany〔 * owning a radio transmitter, printing machines and weapons〔 * propaganda against the Soviet Union〔 * membership of underground organisations〔 The trial took place between 18 and 21 June 1945 with foreign press and observers from the United Kingdom and USA present. The date was chosen carefully to be at the same time as a conference on the creation of the Soviet-backed Polish puppet government was organized.〔Prazmowska, A. (2004) ''Civil war in Poland, 1942-1948'' Palgrave ISBN 0-333-98212-6 Page 117〕〔Umiastowski, R. (1946) ''Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941-1945'' Hollis & Carter Pages 465-471〕 Immediately after the kidnapping of all the leaders, the Polish government in exile sent a protest note to Washington and London demanding their release. At first the Soviets declared that the whole case was a bluff by the “Fascist Polish government”. When they finally admitted that the leaders had been arrested (on 5 May), the American envoy of Harry S. Truman, Harry Lloyd Hopkins, was told by Joseph Stalin that “there is no point in linking the case of the Trial of the Sixteen with the support for the Soviet-backed government of Poland because the sentences will not be high.” Both British and American governments shared this view. All but one of the defendants were forced to admit to the alleged crimes, and on 21 June the verdict was issued. According to international law the trial should not have taken place. The Soviet Union kidnapped and sentenced a group of citizens of a foreign country whose alleged crimes were committed on a foreign land. They were deprived of basic human rights and tortured. General Okulicki's witnesses were not allowed to enter the court, which was a violation of Soviet law. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trial of the Sixteen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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